La fin des tabous alimentaires nous paraît assez anecdotique
tant c’est une évidence, en christianisme, qu’on peut manger de tout, que ce
que l’on sert à table n’a rien à voir avec la pureté ou la pratique religieuse.
La décision de plusieurs élus populistes voire racistes de
supprimer des cantines scolaires les menus de substitution qui respectent des interdits
religieux rappelle que pour certains concitoyens, je dis bien concitoyens, les
interdits alimentaires ont une importance qui interdit de penser que la fin des
tabous alimentaires soit anecdotique.
Lorsque Jésus, comme dans l’évangile de ce jour, déclare pur
tout aliment, il renverse une des composantes centrales des religions, tellement
centrales, que l’on peut se demander si l’on est encore dans une religion dès
lors qu’il n’y a plus de règles de pureté alimentaire. Pire, si l’on peut dire,
Jésus remplace les lois de pureté alimentaire par la seule pureté qui semble
demeurer, celle de la justice, du respect des frères, bref de l’amour pour tous.
L’impureté désormais se nomme : « inconduites, vols, meurtres, adultères,
cupidités, méchancetés, fraude, débauche, envie, diffamation, orgueil et
démesure ».
On peut se demander si la foi en Jésus détermine encore une
religion. Elle semble n’être qu’un humanisme, une morale. Qu’avons-nous
d’encore religieux si nous n’avons pour règles de pureté que ce qui relève de
la morale, de l’obéissance aux impératifs de la conscience, auxquels sont
attachés tant de non-chrétiens, qu’ils appartiennent à une religion ou qu’ils
soient athées ?
C’est un vieux débat de savoir si la foi chrétienne est une
religion ou non. Je l’évite ici et constate plutôt un autre évitement, mené par
Jésus, le sien. Jésus et l’évangile vident la religion de sa spécificité
« religieuse » ; la foi chrétienne n’a plus de spécificité
religieuse ; ce qui la définit, c’est l’amour du frère, le respect dû au
frère, le fait de se mettre à son service.
Et lorsque la foi chrétienne est en minorité, comme
aujourd’hui en Europe, l’absence de spécificité de la foi est très
déstabilisante. Tant qu’en effet l’on vit en chrétienté, nulle besoin de
spécificités, d’éléments qui distinguent et permettent une identité. Mais
lorsque l’on est en minorité, nombreux sont ceux qui ont besoin de dire ce qui les
spécifie, pour exister, pour résister au milieu d’une vague qui emporte tout
par la force du nombre.
Et voilà que Jésus et l’évangile décrètent comme règle ce
qui est commun (ce qui ne veut pas dire communément pratiqué ou vécu). S’il y a
une spécificité chrétienne, c’est de ne pas en avoir ! Elles sont rares
les appartenances qui n’ont pas de spécificité, autre que celle, universelle au
moins comme appel, que l’amour.
C’est incroyable cette affaire. Et il ne s’agit pas d’une
astuce pour se faire accessible par tous. Il s’agit de l’être même de Jésus qui
disparaît derrière le Père auquel il renvoie, ou derrière l’Esprit, qui a
charge d’enseigner ce qu’il faudra dire et faire, ou plus radicalement derrière
le frère, le seul qui importe, celui pour qui est Dieu. J’étais nu et vous m’avez habillé, j’étais malade, prisonnier, et vous
m’avez visité. Tout ce que vous avez fait ou non, à l’un de ces petits qui sont
les miens, c’est à moi que vous l’avez fait ou non.
Chaque fois qu’on est d’un groupe, il y a des autres,
séparés, distingués, qui ne sont pas de ce groupe. Or Jésus a pour mission de
rassembler dans l’unité les enfants de Dieu dispersés. Il ne s’agit pas,
artificiellement, de nier les différences. C’est de l’illusion. Il s’agit de
trouver ailleurs que dans l’identité le lieu de l’unité. (On est à la limite du
paralogisme : qu’une identité ou une appartenance ne sépare pas, n’exclue
pas, ne se définisse pas par ce qui la différencie d’avec les autres, ceux du
dehors.) Et ce lieu de l’unité, c’est l’effacement. Seul compte l’autre. Jésus
s’efface pour l’autre. Il ne cherche pas à être comme l’autre ou à ce que
l’autre soit comme lui. Il ne cherche à ramener personne à son avis, à sa
manière de faire. Il fait de sa vie un « pour l’autre » au point de
s’effacer, de disparaître pour l’autre.
C’est l’eucharistie. Je suis là pour vous. Mangez-moi !
Et l’eucharistie n’est pas un rite religieux. Elle est la manière même de
vivre, donné aux autres : Mangez-moi ! C’est tout le chapitre 6 de
Jean que nous avons lu cet été. Nous revoilà avec les questions alimentaires !
Qu’il y ait moins de disciples de Jésus en Europe n’est sans
doute pas en soi une bonne nouvelle. Mais que le christianisme comme culture,
comme institution, disparaisse, est une exigence de l’évangile, à la suite de
Jésus. Notre spécificité est de mettre l’autre en premier, et cela signifie
vivre l’effacement de Jésus. Nous sommes témoins et vivons du Dieu pour les
hommes, pour nous les hommes et pour
notre salut.
The end of food taboos seems fairly trivial, from a Christian perspective, given how obvious it is that we can eat everything, that what is served at the table has nothing to do with the one’s purity or one’s religious practice.
The populist, if not racist, decision of our elected officials to suppress from school cafeterias the alternative menus meant to respect some of the students’ religious prohibitions reminds us that, for some of our fellow citizens, I repeat, fellow citizens, food taboos have an importance which forbids us to think that putting an end to food taboos was something merely anecdotal.
When Jesus, as he does in today’s Gospel, declares all foods clean, it reverses a central component of religions, so central that we may rightly wonder if we are still dealing with a religion when we are left with no more food purity rules. Worse, if you will, Jesus replaces food purity laws with the only purity that seems to remain, that of justice, respect for brothers, in short: love for all. The only “impurities” left, from then on, are called: "misconduct, theft, murder, adultery, greed, malice, fraud, debauchery, envy, slander, pride, and excess."
One wonders if faith in Jesus is enough to justify calling it a religion. It seems to be a humanism, an ethics. What sort of religion does one have when the only purity rules one has belong in fact to the realm of ethics, to the obedience owed to the dictates of conscience, the same, by the way, to which so many non-Christians are attached as well, whether they belong to a religion or are atheists?
The debate as to whether Christianity is a religion or not is an old one. I don’t want to reopen that debate here but merely one to emphasizes, in passing, another one who is avoiding it, namely Jesus himself. For Jesus and the gospel are the ones who empty religion of its “religious” specificity; Christian faith has no religious specificity; what defines it is the love of the brother, the respect due to the brother, the fact of being at his service.
And when the Christian faith is in a minority, as in Europe today, the lack of specificity of the faith is very destabilizing. As long as we live in a Christian society, there is no need for any specificity, for any elements enabling one to feel different and allowing for the constitution of an identity. But when one is in a minority, there are many who need to say what specifies them, if only to exist as individuals, to stand in the middle of a wave that sweeps everything away by the sheer force of numbers.
So there we are: Jesus and the Gospel declare that what’s specific is what all people of good will have in common (which does not mean that what is common is commonly practiced or experienced). If there is an identity for Christians, it consists in not having one! They are rare indeed the forms of belongings which rest on no other specificity than the openness to the call of universal brotherly love (if only as an ethical aspiration).
The whole affaire is quite unbelievable. And it's not even a trick to make Christianity accessible to all. It has to do with Christ very being meant to disappear behind the figure of the Father to which it refers, behind the Spirit, tasked with teaching and inspiring what one should say and do, or more radically behind the face of the neighbour, the brother, the only that matters for God himself. I was naked and you clothed me, I was a sick prisoner and you visited me. All you've done or not to one of these little ones who are mine, it is to me that you did or not do it.
Whenever we're in a group, there are other people, separate from us, distinguishable from us, which are not part of that group. Now Jesus's mission is to gather into one the dispersed children of God. This is not about artificially denying our differences. It would be an illusion to pretend to do so. It consists instead in attempting to find the locus of unity elsewhere than in social identity. (We dwell here very close to self-contradiction:. We are looking for an identity or an affiliation that does not separate, that does not exclude, that does not define one’s identity by what differentiates it from that of others, from that of the outsiders.) And that locus of unity is found in the belonging to a logic of self-erasing. The other is the only thing that matters. Jesus lowers himself for the sake of that other. He does not try to be like the other or that the other be like him. He does not even seek to bring the other to share his views, his own way of doing things. He made his entire life a life "for the other" to the point of fading out and disappearing, for the other’s sake.
And all of this is called the Eucharist. I'm here for you. Eat me! And the Eucharist is not a religious rite. It is the very way we are asked to lead our lives, as a gift tp others: Eat Me! This is what all of our Summer reading of John: 6 was all about. And we are thus brought back to food issues, albeit in a totally different form!
That there are fewer disciples of Jesus in Europe is indeed not a good news at all. But that Christianity disappear, whether as a culture or an institution, that is nothing less than a requirement of the Gospel, if we want to follow Jesus. Our specificity is to put the other first, and that means living the self-erasure that Jesus has come to embody. We are the living witnesses of God’s gift of Self to humanity, for us men and for our salvation.
(Translation Jean-François Garneau)
The end of food taboos seems fairly trivial, from a Christian perspective, given how obvious it is that we can eat everything, that what is served at the table has nothing to do with the one’s purity or one’s religious practice.
The populist, if not racist, decision of our elected officials to suppress from school cafeterias the alternative menus meant to respect some of the students’ religious prohibitions reminds us that, for some of our fellow citizens, I repeat, fellow citizens, food taboos have an importance which forbids us to think that putting an end to food taboos was something merely anecdotal.
When Jesus, as he does in today’s Gospel, declares all foods clean, it reverses a central component of religions, so central that we may rightly wonder if we are still dealing with a religion when we are left with no more food purity rules. Worse, if you will, Jesus replaces food purity laws with the only purity that seems to remain, that of justice, respect for brothers, in short: love for all. The only “impurities” left, from then on, are called: "misconduct, theft, murder, adultery, greed, malice, fraud, debauchery, envy, slander, pride, and excess."
One wonders if faith in Jesus is enough to justify calling it a religion. It seems to be a humanism, an ethics. What sort of religion does one have when the only purity rules one has belong in fact to the realm of ethics, to the obedience owed to the dictates of conscience, the same, by the way, to which so many non-Christians are attached as well, whether they belong to a religion or are atheists?
The debate as to whether Christianity is a religion or not is an old one. I don’t want to reopen that debate here but merely one to emphasizes, in passing, another one who is avoiding it, namely Jesus himself. For Jesus and the gospel are the ones who empty religion of its “religious” specificity; Christian faith has no religious specificity; what defines it is the love of the brother, the respect due to the brother, the fact of being at his service.
And when the Christian faith is in a minority, as in Europe today, the lack of specificity of the faith is very destabilizing. As long as we live in a Christian society, there is no need for any specificity, for any elements enabling one to feel different and allowing for the constitution of an identity. But when one is in a minority, there are many who need to say what specifies them, if only to exist as individuals, to stand in the middle of a wave that sweeps everything away by the sheer force of numbers.
So there we are: Jesus and the Gospel declare that what’s specific is what all people of good will have in common (which does not mean that what is common is commonly practiced or experienced). If there is an identity for Christians, it consists in not having one! They are rare indeed the forms of belongings which rest on no other specificity than the openness to the call of universal brotherly love (if only as an ethical aspiration).
The whole affaire is quite unbelievable. And it's not even a trick to make Christianity accessible to all. It has to do with Christ very being meant to disappear behind the figure of the Father to which it refers, behind the Spirit, tasked with teaching and inspiring what one should say and do, or more radically behind the face of the neighbour, the brother, the only that matters for God himself. I was naked and you clothed me, I was a sick prisoner and you visited me. All you've done or not to one of these little ones who are mine, it is to me that you did or not do it.
Whenever we're in a group, there are other people, separate from us, distinguishable from us, which are not part of that group. Now Jesus's mission is to gather into one the dispersed children of God. This is not about artificially denying our differences. It would be an illusion to pretend to do so. It consists instead in attempting to find the locus of unity elsewhere than in social identity. (We dwell here very close to self-contradiction:. We are looking for an identity or an affiliation that does not separate, that does not exclude, that does not define one’s identity by what differentiates it from that of others, from that of the outsiders.) And that locus of unity is found in the belonging to a logic of self-erasing. The other is the only thing that matters. Jesus lowers himself for the sake of that other. He does not try to be like the other or that the other be like him. He does not even seek to bring the other to share his views, his own way of doing things. He made his entire life a life "for the other" to the point of fading out and disappearing, for the other’s sake.
And all of this is called the Eucharist. I'm here for you. Eat me! And the Eucharist is not a religious rite. It is the very way we are asked to lead our lives, as a gift tp others: Eat Me! This is what all of our Summer reading of John: 6 was all about. And we are thus brought back to food issues, albeit in a totally different form!
That there are fewer disciples of Jesus in Europe is indeed not a good news at all. But that Christianity disappear, whether as a culture or an institution, that is nothing less than a requirement of the Gospel, if we want to follow Jesus. Our specificity is to put the other first, and that means living the self-erasure that Jesus has come to embody. We are the living witnesses of God’s gift of Self to humanity, for us men and for our salvation.
(Translation Jean-François Garneau)